Mobile Stations Mobile air quality monitoring stations operate under significantly more dynamic environmental conditions compared with fixed monitoring systems. When sensors are mounted on moving platforms such as vehicles, they are exposed to additional dis-turbances that may influence measurement stability and reliability. Several factors contribute to this increased uncertainty. Mechanical vibrations generated by vehicle movement may affect sensor stability, while rapid changes in ambient temperature and variations in relative humidity can alter sensor responses. In addition, fluctuations in airflow conditions around the sensor inlet during vehicle movement may further influence measurement consistency. These dynamic conditions make mobile monitoring systems more sensitive to environmental and operational disturbances than fixed monitoring stations. Another important aspect is that many mobile monitoring systems rely on compact or low-cost sensors in order to ensure portability and scalability. Although these sensors enable flexible deployment and large spatial coverage, they generally exhibit lower metrological precision compared with the regulatory-grade analyzers used in fixed monitoring stations. Considering the combined influence of sensor limitations and operational dis-turbances—such as temperature variability, humidity fluctuations, vehicle speed, and vibration—the overall uncertainty of mobile air quality measurements can be expressed as the combination of several independent error sources:

Mobile Stations Mobile air quality monitoring stations face much more challenging environmental conditions than their stationary counterparts. Sensors attached to moving vehicles encounter various disturbances that can compromise the accuracy and consistency of their measurements. Multiple factors increase measurement uncertainty in these systems. Vehicle movement creates mechanical vibrations that can destabilize sensors, while quick shifts in temperature and humidity levels affect how sensors respond. Changes in airflow patterns around sensor inlets as vehicles move also impact measurement reliability. These constantly changing conditions make mobile monitoring equipment far more vulnerable to environmental and operational interference than stationary monitoring sites. Mobile monitoring systems typically use compact or affordable sensors to maintain portability and enable widespread deployment. While these sensors allow for flexible positioning and extensive geographic coverage, they usually deliver lower measurement precision than the high-grade analytical instruments found in permanent monitoring stations. When we account for both sensor constraints and operational challenges - including temperature shifts, humidity changes, vehicle speed effects, and vibration impacts - the total uncertainty in mobile air quality measurements represents a combination of multiple independent error sources: