This study proposed an analytical framework for comparing fixed and mobile air quality monitoring strategies in the context of Mohammedia. The results show that fixed stations provide the highest measurement reliability, with estimated uncertainty ranging from approximately 1.2% to 2.5%, making them suitable for regulatory moni-toring and long-term trend analysis. However, their spatial representativeness remains limited and their life-cycle cost is high. 5.1. Main Findings This study proposed an analytical framework for comparing fixed and mobile air quality monitoring strategies in the context of Mohammedia. The results show that fixed stations provide the highest measurement reliability, with estimated uncertainty ranging from approximately 1.2% to 2.5%, making them suitable for regulatory moni-toring and long-term trend analysis. However, their spatial representativeness remains limited and their life-cycle cost is high. By contrast, mobile monitoring systems offer substantially greater spatial coverage, higher operational flexibility, and lower deployment cost. Under the assumptions adopted in this study, mobile units could theoretically cover about 30% of the urban area of Mohammedia, compared with about 1.6% for the fixed-station configuration. These findings indicate that mobile monitoring can significantly improve spatial representa-tiveness while reducing infrastructure requirements and investment costs. 5.2. Practical Implications The results suggest that mobile monitoring is particularly relevant for Moham-media because of the city’s heterogeneous pollution sources, rapid urban expansion, and financial constraints. Nevertheless, mobile systems should not be considered a complete substitute for fixed reference stations. A hybrid strategy combining a limited number of fixed stations with mobile monitoring units appears to be the most balanced solution, as it combines high metrological reliability with broader spatial coverage and operational adaptability.

This research developed an analytical framework to evaluate fixed versus mobile air quality monitoring approaches specifically for Mohammedia. The findings indicate that fixed monitoring stations deliver superior measurement precision, with uncertainty estimates between roughly 1.2% and 2.5%, which makes them well-suited for regulatory compliance and tracking long-term pollution trends. Yet these stations have restricted spatial coverage and come with substantial lifecycle expenses. 5.1. Key Results This research developed an analytical framework to evaluate fixed versus mobile air quality monitoring approaches specifically for Mohammedia. The findings indicate that fixed monitoring stations deliver superior measurement precision, with uncertainty estimates between roughly 1.2% and 2.5%, which makes them well-suited for regulatory compliance and tracking long-term pollution trends. Yet these stations have restricted spatial coverage and come with substantial lifecycle expenses. In comparison, mobile monitoring systems provide considerably broader geographic reach, enhanced operational adaptability, and reduced setup costs. Based on the study's assumptions, mobile units could potentially monitor around 30% of Mohammedia's urban territory, while fixed stations would cover only about 1.6%. These results demonstrate that mobile monitoring can substantially enhance spatial coverage while minimizing infrastructure needs and capital investment. 5.2. Real-World Applications The findings reveal that mobile monitoring holds particular value for Mohammedia given the city's diverse pollution sources, accelerating urban growth, and budget limitations. However, mobile systems cannot fully replace fixed reference stations. An integrated approach that combines a select number of fixed stations with mobile monitoring units represents the optimal solution, offering both high measurement accuracy and extensive spatial coverage along with operational flexibility.