Another important contribution of the book concerns ecosystem services. Several chapters examine carbon sequestration, biodiversity, and soil fertility, showing that agroforestry systems can contribute meaningfully to climate change mitigation. Nevertheless, the results appear highly context-dependent, varying according to climatic conditions, soil types, and species selection, which makes broad generalisations difficult.

The book makes a significant contribution to our understanding of ecosystem services. Multiple chapters focus on carbon sequestration, biodiversity, and soil fertility, demonstrating that agroforestry systems can play a valuable role in addressing climate change. However, the findings seem to depend heavily on specific circumstances, including climate patterns, soil characteristics, and the types of species chosen, making it challenging to draw universal conclusions.